Krishna district
కృష్ణా Krishna | |
| — district — | |
| Coordinates | 16.17°N 81.13°E |
| Country |  India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| Headquarters | Machilipatnam |
| Population • Density | 4,187,841 (2,001 Census) • 479 /km2 (1,241 /sq mi) |
| Time zone | IST (UTC+5:30) |
| Area | >8,727 km2 (3,370 sq mi)> |
| Website | http://www.krishna.gov.in |
Krishna District (Telugu: కృష్ణా జిల్లా) is a district of India's Andhra Pradesh state. It is named after the Krishna River which flows through the district. It has a population of 4,187,841 of which 32.08% is urban as of 2001.[1]
Machilipatnam is the administrative headquarters of the district. Vijayawada is the commercial center of the district. The district is bounded by Khammam District to the north-west, West Godavari District to the north-east, the Bay of Bengal to the south-east, Guntur District to the southwest, and Nalgonda District to the west.
Krishna district is well known for its pre-university educational centers.
[edit]History
This history of this region dates back to 2nd century BCE. [2]
Satavahana period (230 BC -227 AD): The Satavahanas ruled this region with headquarters at Srikaakulam.
Prominent rulers during this period were Srimukha (founder), Goutamputra Satakarni and Yagnasri Satakarni
(last Satavahan king). The Satavahanas imparted more stability and security to the life of the people of the
region for more than four centuries.
Prominent rulers during this period were Srimukha (founder), Goutamputra Satakarni and Yagnasri Satakarni
(last Satavahan king). The Satavahanas imparted more stability and security to the life of the people of the
region for more than four centuries.
Pallavas 500 AD - 340 AD): The Pallava kingdom spread over from Krishna river to Tungabhadra, including
Amaravati in the East, Bellary in the West and Kancheepuram in the South with capital cities at venginagar
near Ellore and Pithapuram, both in Vengidesa.
Amaravati in the East, Bellary in the West and Kancheepuram in the South with capital cities at venginagar
near Ellore and Pithapuram, both in Vengidesa.
Bruhitpalayanas: The contemporaries of pallavas who ruled the district with Koduru as their capital.
Vishnukundinas (5th Century AD): The 5th century rulers who excavated cave temples at Mogalrajapuram
(now in Vijayawada) andUndavalli, etc.
(now in Vijayawada) andUndavalli, etc.
Eastern chalukyas ( 615 AD - 1070 AD): The entire Andhra country was under the control of a single ruler
under their reign. The Eastern Chalukyas were credited with the excavations of the cave temple at Undavalli
and rock cut shrines and Shiva temples.
under their reign. The Eastern Chalukyas were credited with the excavations of the cave temple at Undavalli
and rock cut shrines and Shiva temples.
Cholas: Cholas ruled this region with capital at Rajamahendri . It was during Rajarajanaredra's reign that
Nannayya Bhattu translated theMahabharata in to Telugu.
Nannayya Bhattu translated theMahabharata in to Telugu.
Reddy dynasty : On the downfall of Pratapa Rudra of Kakatiya, the eldest son of Pulaya Vema Reddi found
himself independent and established himself in the hill fort of Kondavedu. He also possessed himself of the
fortress of Bellamkonda, Vinukonda and Nagarjuna konda in the Palanad. The Kondavidu Reddi’s were great
patrons of Telugu literature. The poet Srinadha and his brother-in –law Bammera Pothana flourished at his court.
The ruins of fortresses at Kondavidu, Ballamkonda and Kondapalli are still to be seen.
himself independent and established himself in the hill fort of Kondavedu. He also possessed himself of the
fortress of Bellamkonda, Vinukonda and Nagarjuna konda in the Palanad. The Kondavidu Reddi’s were great
patrons of Telugu literature. The poet Srinadha and his brother-in –law Bammera Pothana flourished at his court.
The ruins of fortresses at Kondavidu, Ballamkonda and Kondapalli are still to be seen.
Gajapathis of Orissa: Kapileswara Gajapathi is preserved by the village Kapileswarapuram now in Pamidimukkala mandal.
He was succeeded by Vidyadhara Gajapathi who built Vidyadharapuram (now in Vijayawada) and constructed a
reservoir at Kondapalli.
He was succeeded by Vidyadhara Gajapathi who built Vidyadharapuram (now in Vijayawada) and constructed a
reservoir at Kondapalli.
Qutb Shahis: In 1512, the Kingdom of Golconda or Hyderabad was founded by one Sultan Quli Qutub Shah.
The Kingdom of Golconda included this district within its limits. Abu-l-Hussain Shah was the last of Qutab Shahi
dynasty known as Tanisha. He had two ministers, both Brahmins, named Madanna and Akkanna. For some reasons
they fixed their office at Vijayawada. Popular tradition attributed this preference of Vijayawada to the devotion of the
two ministers to the goddess Kanaka Durga.
The Kingdom of Golconda included this district within its limits. Abu-l-Hussain Shah was the last of Qutab Shahi
dynasty known as Tanisha. He had two ministers, both Brahmins, named Madanna and Akkanna. For some reasons
they fixed their office at Vijayawada. Popular tradition attributed this preference of Vijayawada to the devotion of the
two ministers to the goddess Kanaka Durga.
Nizams: The Emperor Aurangazeb included this district in the province of Golconda, which remained under
Asaf jah who was appointed as Subedar or Viceroy of the Deccan in 1713 with the title of Nizam-ul-Mulk.
The province of Golconda comprised five Nawabs’ charges viz. Arcot, Cuddapah, Kurnool, Rajahmundry
and Chicacole (Srikakulam). The Nawab of Rajahmundry ruled the country induced in the Krishna District.
Asaf jah who was appointed as Subedar or Viceroy of the Deccan in 1713 with the title of Nizam-ul-Mulk.
The province of Golconda comprised five Nawabs’ charges viz. Arcot, Cuddapah, Kurnool, Rajahmundry
and Chicacole (Srikakulam). The Nawab of Rajahmundry ruled the country induced in the Krishna District.
The English: In the year 1611 the English founded their settlement at Masulipatnam which was their
headquarters until they finally moved toMadras in 1641. The Dutch and French also had settlements
at Masulipatnam. Upon the death of the old Nizam-ul-Mulk in June 1748 his heirs strove for the succession
with the support of the English and the French. When Nizam Ali Khan was proclaimed ruler of Golconda in 1761
the British secured at first the divisions of Masulipatnam, Nizampatnam and part of Kondaveedu and later the
entire Circars. At first the district was administered by a chief and council at Masulipatnam but in 1794 Collectors,
directly responsible to the Board of Revenue, were appointed at Masulipatnam.
headquarters until they finally moved toMadras in 1641. The Dutch and French also had settlements
at Masulipatnam. Upon the death of the old Nizam-ul-Mulk in June 1748 his heirs strove for the succession
with the support of the English and the French. When Nizam Ali Khan was proclaimed ruler of Golconda in 1761
the British secured at first the divisions of Masulipatnam, Nizampatnam and part of Kondaveedu and later the
entire Circars. At first the district was administered by a chief and council at Masulipatnam but in 1794 Collectors,
directly responsible to the Board of Revenue, were appointed at Masulipatnam.
Krishna District with its District Headquarters at Machilipatnam was formerly called as Machlipatnam District.
Later it was renamed as Krishna District after the holy river Krishna, by adding certain Taluks of the abolished
Guntur District in 1859. Guntur district was separated from Krishna in 1904. Again in 1925 Krishna District was
further divided into Krishna and West Godavari Districts. There were no significant further changes in its
jurisdiction except some minor changes (in Divi Taluk and Munagala paragana).
Later it was renamed as Krishna District after the holy river Krishna, by adding certain Taluks of the abolished
Guntur District in 1859. Guntur district was separated from Krishna in 1904. Again in 1925 Krishna District was
further divided into Krishna and West Godavari Districts. There were no significant further changes in its
jurisdiction except some minor changes (in Divi Taluk and Munagala paragana).
Historic places in the district include:
- Chintalapadu(Chandarlapadu)
- Bandar Port
- Kondapalli Killa
- Gudivada
- Ghantasala
- Gandhi Hill
Religiously significant places include:
- Kanaka Durga Temple
- PandurangaSwamy Temple
- Penuganchiprolu Temple
- Mopidevi Temple
- Movva gopala swami temple
- Kondalamma temple
- Gollapudi Ayyappaswami Temple
- Hanuman Temple in Hanuman Junction
- Gunadala Matha Shrine
- MaremmaTemple,Putrela
- Sarswathi Devi Temple in Nuzvid
[edit]Geography
The district is divided into upland and coastal area. Kolleru Lake, one of India's most ecologically significant
wetlands, lies partly within the district.
wetlands, lies partly within the district.
[edit]Hills
The main hill range of the district known as Kondapalli runs between Nandigama and Vijayawada with a length
of about 24 km. The other impart hills are Jammalavoidurgam, Mogalrajapuram and Indrakiladri hills. On the
Indrakiladri hills at Vijayawada stands the famous temple of Kanakadurga.
of about 24 km. The other impart hills are Jammalavoidurgam, Mogalrajapuram and Indrakiladri hills. On the
Indrakiladri hills at Vijayawada stands the famous temple of Kanakadurga.
[edit]Rivers
The chief rivers of the district are the Krishna (length 1,280 km), Muniyeru (Muneru), the Tammileru and Budameru. Krishna river debouches in to the Bay of Bengal at Hamsala Divi and Nachugunta in this district. The district contains small hillstreams viz., Jayanthi, Kattaleru, Ippalavagu, Upputeru, Telleru, Ballaleru, Nadimeyeru.
[edit]Flora
The district has no forests worth mentioning. The forest occupies only 9% of the total district area. However, it contains Reserved Forest areas in Nandigama, Vijayawada, Tiruvuru, Nuzvid, Gannavaram, Bandar and Divi Taluks. A type of lightwood known as ‘Ponuku’ (Gyrocapus Jacquini) is found in the Kondapalli hills. The wood is used for the manufacture of the well known Kondpalli toys. The most noticeable trees are pterocarpus, Terminalia, Anogeissus and Logustroeinai and Casuarina.
[edit]Fauna
Panthers, hyenas, jungle cats, foxes, bears and other carnivorous mammalian fauna are found here. Deer, spotted deer sambar, blackbuck and other herbivorous animals are found in the inland forests. A migrant gray billed pelican is
a protected bird in the Kollair lake bordering the Krishna district. The district has a large number
of Murrah buffaloes and cows.
a protected bird in the Kollair lake bordering the Krishna district. The district has a large number
of Murrah buffaloes and cows.
[edit]Climate
The climatic conditions of the district consist of extremely hot summers and mild winters and may
be classified as tropical. The period starting from April to June is the hottest. The annual rainfall in
the region is about 1028 mm and is contributed to by the Southwest monsoon.
be classified as tropical. The period starting from April to June is the hottest. The annual rainfall in
the region is about 1028 mm and is contributed to by the Southwest monsoon.
[edit]Soil
Three types of soils viz., Black Cotton (57.6%), Sand clay loams (22.3%) and Red loams (19.4%).
[edit]Minerals
Natural Gas and Crude Oil is found extensively offshore and on the coastal belt of the district Small
deposits of Diamonds are available.Limestone is a major mineral extracted in the district.Sand
quarrying for construction is extracted from krishna and munneru rivers.
deposits of Diamonds are available.Limestone is a major mineral extracted in the district.Sand
quarrying for construction is extracted from krishna and munneru rivers.
- Chromite: Kondapalli hills and adjoining areas
- Diamonds: Paritala, Ustepalls, Kondavatikallu, Ramannapet, Suryavaram, Kothapet,
- Nemalipuram, Mugaluru, Putrela(Famous in rajasthan)etc.
- Iron Ore: Jaggayyapet area
- Lime Stone: Jaggayyapet area
- Mica: Tiruvuru area
- Salphur: Kona in Machilipatnam Mandal.
- Paddy : Chintalapadu
- Temple :Nukanamma temple chitalapadu
[edit]Divisions
The District is divided into four revenue divisions namely Vijayawada, Nuzvid, Machilipatnam,
Gudivada revenue divisions each headed by a sub collector.
Gudivada revenue divisions each headed by a sub collector.
There are a total of 50 mandals in Krishna District
VijayawadaMajor Cities and Towns:
- Machilipatnam
- Gudivada
- Gannavaram
- Nuzvid
- Mylavaram
- Hanuman Junction
- Jaggayyapeta
- Vuyyuru
- kondapalli
- Ibrahimpatnam
- Nandigama
- Tiruvuru
- pedana
- Kanchikacherla
- Vissannapeta
- movva
[edit]Economy
The Majority of the people in Urban areas of Krishna district are engaged in trade and commerce. Agriculture is the most important occupation of the people of the district.
The District hosts many industries. KCP Sugar Factory at Vuyyur is one of the largest
sugar plants in India. Vijayawada Thermal Power Station (VTPS) near Ibrahimpatnam
is ranked as the No.1 Power generation unit in India for its high performance. Apart from
this, many medium Scale Cement factories are there throughout the district. There are many
small scale industries like musical instruments at Jaggayyapeta, gold-plated ornaments at
Machilipatnam and Kondapalli toys. SIRIS Pharmaceutical Company at Vijayawada is another giant
company manufacturing Allopathic medicines. The oldest port in Andhra Pradesh is at Machilipatnam.
sugar plants in India. Vijayawada Thermal Power Station (VTPS) near Ibrahimpatnam
is ranked as the No.1 Power generation unit in India for its high performance. Apart from
this, many medium Scale Cement factories are there throughout the district. There are many
small scale industries like musical instruments at Jaggayyapeta, gold-plated ornaments at
Machilipatnam and Kondapalli toys. SIRIS Pharmaceutical Company at Vijayawada is another giant
company manufacturing Allopathic medicines. The oldest port in Andhra Pradesh is at Machilipatnam.
[edit]Politics
Krishna district has two parliamentary constituencies Vijayawada and Machilipatnam.
In Andhra pradesh assembly Krishna district has 16 constituencies namely Tiruvuru (SC),
Nandigama (SC), Mylavaram, Jaggayyapeta, Vijayawada (West), Vijayawada (Central),
Vijayawada (East), Penamaluru, Nuzvid, Gannavaram, Pedana, Gudivada, Kaikaluru, Machilipatnam,
Avanigadda, Pamarru (SC).
In Andhra pradesh assembly Krishna district has 16 constituencies namely Tiruvuru (SC),
Nandigama (SC), Mylavaram, Jaggayyapeta, Vijayawada (West), Vijayawada (Central),
Vijayawada (East), Penamaluru, Nuzvid, Gannavaram, Pedana, Gudivada, Kaikaluru, Machilipatnam,
Avanigadda, Pamarru (SC).
Telugu Desam and Congress(I) and Prajarajyam Party headed by film star Chiranjeevi are the main
parties in the district.
parties in the district.
[edit]Transport
- The Bus complex (PNBS-Pandit Nehru Bus Station) at Vijayawada is one of the biggest in Asia.
- The Railway station at Vijayawada is the 2nd Busiest Junction in India. More than 190 trains
- pass by/originate/terminate at this railway station.
- Airport is located at Gannavaram which is 16 km north east of Vijayawada connecting the city
- to Hyderabad, Chennai, Bangalore, Rajahmundry.
- A new deep water port is under construction in Machilipatnam.
Four national highways pass through the district
- NH-5 Chennai to Kolkata
- NH-9 Pune to Machilipatnam
- NH-221 Vijayawada to Jagdalpur
- NH-214 Kathipudi to Ongole
[edit]Demographics
Krishna district has a population of 4,187,841 of which 32.08% is urban. Population
density is 479 persons/km2 while decadal population growth rate is 14.05%. 70.03%
of people in district are literates.[3]
density is 479 persons/km2 while decadal population growth rate is 14.05%. 70.03%
of people in district are literates.[3]
[edit]Culture
The Telugu Dialect of this region is often considered to be standard dialect of Telugu.
It is the birth place of many significant personalities in this part of the world, including:
- Pingali Venkaiah designer of Indian National Flag
- Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao (N.T.R)
- Mutnuri Krishna Rao(Krishna Patrika)
- Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao
- Akkineni Nageswara Rao (A.N.R)
- S.V Ranga Rao(SVR)
- Savitri(Actress)
- Rajendar Prasad(Actor)
- C.K Naidu
- K.V.P RamaChandra Rao,Member of parliament[Rajya sabha].
- Ramoji Rao Cherukuri
- Ayyadevara Kaleswara Rao
- Viswanatha Satyanarayana
- K. L. Rao
- Kakani Venkata Ratnam, politician
- Dr. Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitharamaiah
- Duggirala Gopala Krishna
- Jayaprakash Narayana, Convenor Lok Satta
- Veturi (lyric writer)
- Dr.Ghattamaneni Babu Rao, a renowned philanthropist.
- Daggula Narasimha Reddy[DN Reddy] JNTU Hyd Vc
- Dr.Yarlagadda Laxmi Prasad,writer,padmasri award winner.
[edit]Education
Vijayawada is one of the main education centers in Andhra Pradesh. NTR University
of Health Sciences is located in Vijayawada. International Institute of Information
Technology is present in Nuzvid. South Indian branch of School of architecture and
planning is present in Vijayawada.
It boasts Headquarters of numerous residential colleges and schools like Sri Chaitanya,
Nalanda, Gowtham, Sri Krishnaveni, American Medical Education for USMLE Coaching
which are amongst the biggest/largest of the Corporate Educational Institutes in India.
District has numerous engineering colleges including
Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College,
Gudlavalleru Engineering College, KLCE. Gudlavalleru Polytechnic College.
Mary Stella college, Sidhartha Degree College are few of the
many famous arts and science colleges in the district. == Heading text ==
yejella suman IT SPECILIST FROM VIJAYAWADA
of Health Sciences is located in Vijayawada. International Institute of Information
Technology is present in Nuzvid. South Indian branch of School of architecture and
planning is present in Vijayawada.
It boasts Headquarters of numerous residential colleges and schools like Sri Chaitanya,
Nalanda, Gowtham, Sri Krishnaveni, American Medical Education for USMLE Coaching
which are amongst the biggest/largest of the Corporate Educational Institutes in India.
District has numerous engineering colleges including
Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College,
Gudlavalleru Engineering College, KLCE. Gudlavalleru Polytechnic College.
Mary Stella college, Sidhartha Degree College are few of the
many famous arts and science colleges in the district. == Heading text ==
yejella suman IT SPECILIST FROM VIJAYAWADA
[edit]Sports
Kabaddi is the most popular sport followed by Cricket, Volleyball and Tennis.
Indira Gandhi Stadium in Vijayawada hosts One Day Internationals Cricket matches of India.
Indira Gandhi Stadium in Vijayawada hosts One Day Internationals Cricket matches of India.
